This week, I had the honour of speaking in the grand White Hall of Wilanów Palace, Warsaw. The occasion: a three-day conference on practices of remembrance surrounding Jan III Sobieski and his family, from the seventeenth century until today. The programme included compelling presentations (in Polish and English) on various topics, from the transnational reception of Sobieski and his family as evidenced by archival material, art objects, and architecture across Europe and America, to the ongoing remembrance of the former king in Poland itself. The conference was excellently organised by the museum at Wilanów Palace, offering live translations into Polish or English to those that needed it, and serving its guests an array of delicious seventeenth-century dishes, including vegetarian options. Sobieski, the founder of the palace, surely would have been pleased.
My own presentation, in Polish, concerned Dutch representations and appropriations of Jan III Sobieski throughout history. The king first gained fame in the Dutch Republic after his victory against Ottoman forces at Khotyn in 1673. Working on the basis of instructions from the Polish royal court, the etcher Romeyn de Hooghe extolled Sobieski and his exploits in a range of engravings, of which an equestrian portrait would prove particularly influential, both in the United Provinces and abroad. Following the famous Battle of Vienna in 1683, furthermore, a multitude of Dutch cultural entrepreneurs glorified Sobieski as one of the principal architects of a grand Christian victory, producing prints and writing in various literary genres. Artists adopted and reinterpreted the imagery designed by De Hooghe, and several poets appropriated similar motifs.
Admittedly, other observers were less flattering: whereas some ascribed the victory at Vienna to other protagonists, paying special homage to Emperor Leopold I, others did not partake in the festive mood at all, possibly inspired by Calvinist inclinations. Nevertheless, Dutch sources about Sobieski generally voice a strong sense of admiration, which authors and artists kept developing in various genres. The king himself played an active role in this process of idolization by influencing the press, instructing De Hooghe, and using diplomatic agents to polish up his image abroad.
After the king’s death, the attention devoted to Sobieski and his military triumphs naturally lessened, yet the monarch remained entrenched in Dutch collective memory. In the 1830s, Sobieski’s letters to his wife were eagerly translated into Dutch and presented as windows into his pious and friendly nature, but also as sources showing Poland’s supposed anarchy. This framing was particularly relevant at a time when Polish resistance against Russian rule captivated Dutch audiences, who were simultaneously engaged with a Belgian uprising. Several decades later, in 1869, a host of Dutch students masqueraded through the city of Groningen, imitating Sobieski’s entrance into Vienna and celebrating him as a hero of Christendom. Evidently, the former king lived on in Dutch memory and was paraded to express local identities.
More recently, far-right Dutch politicians have used Sobieski as a figurehead of their own movement. This is a particularly popular practice amongst politicians from the PVV, the so-called Party for Freedom, which won the elections last November and is currently the largest party in the Dutch government. For party leader Geert Wilders and his colleagues, Sobieski has become a mascot in their campaigns against what they call “islamiphication”. Wilders even compared himself to Sobieski in a speech he gave in Vienna in 2015, arguing for the continuation of the king’s alleged fight against “Islam” in order to defend and preserve “freedom”. White supremacist terrorists like Anders Breivik have used the Polish monarch in a similar manner.
The fact that Europe in 1683 (much like today) did not risk being “islamiphied” and Sobieski was not interested in crusading against Islam – indeed, he spoke Turkish and valued Ottoman culture – matters little to Wilders and others like him. Their appropriation of Sobieski serves a purely political purpose: to instil fear and hatred of Muslims. Through their militant rhetoric, they contribute to the idea of an inherent division between a “free” Europe and the Islamic world. Geert Wilders and his colleagues selectively make use of the various elements of Sobieski’s historical image and bend them to their own ends: instead of praising the monarch for his military prowess, for instance, or honouring him as a Christian hero, they portray him as a champion of “freedom” and conqueror of “Islam” in the broadest sense of the word. As I have argued before, this appropriation is harmful to society and by no means justified by historical reality.
For a recording of my presentation, see the first video (dated 5 November) on this webpage (I start talking at ca. 1:15).